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Nutrition and Eating Disorders
Chapter 1 Eating Disorders During Adolescence Chapter 2 Anorexia Nervosa In Adolescence Chapter 3 Onset of Anorexia Nervosa during Adolescence Chapter 4 Initial Stage of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescence Chapter 5 Crisis Stage Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescence Chapter 6 Long-Term Recovery Stage Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescence Chapter 7 Bulimia Nervosa in Adolescence Nutritional Care Summarized - Table Selected References & External Links List of Reviewers |
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Eating
Disorders during Adolescence: Nutritional Problems and Interventions
Jane Mitchell Rees, PhD, RD, CD
Departments of Health Services and Pediatrics
Maternal Child Health and Adolescent Medicine
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
Chapter 7 Bulimia Nervosa in Adolescence
- Overview
- Behavior and onset in adolescence
- Diagnostic criteria
- Prevalence
- Common psychosocial characteristics
- Food related behavior
- Common physical symptoms
- Dental destruction
- Intervention strategies
- Psychotherapy
- Nutritional therapy
- Role of the clinical nutritionist
- Coincident with pregnancy
- Pregnancy care
Bulimia Nervosa: Overview
First called bulimarexia, bulimia nervosa is a more recently recognized eating disorder than anorexia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by gorging on food followed by one of several extreme behaviors in attempts to rid the body of food and weight. These symptoms may also be associated with starvation in anorexia nervosa but do not occur exclusively in that disorder. [See APA web site].[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Behavior and onset in adolescence
The adolescent suffering from bulimia nervosa often maintains close-to-normal weight-for-height-for-age, meanwhile eating abnormally large amounts of food, (known as binge eating) and regularly forcing her bowels to empty by taking laxatives (called purging) or voluntarily vomiting. They may also resort to fasting or extreme forms of exercise rather than vomiting and/or purging. These behaviors, designed to rid the body of food, weight and bulk, may be referred to collectively as purging. Professionals must inquire carefully to determine what practices are described as "purging" in a specific situation. Adolescents with bulimia nervosa may have somewhat less severely distorted perceptions of their body shape and size and less restrictive weight goals compared with those suffering from anorexia nervosa. Adolescents with bulimia nervosa are often older at age of onset.[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Diagnostic criteria
American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria may be found at their web site. The diagnostic criteria established by the APA includes the following behaviors:- Recurrent episodes of binge eating, rapid consumption of abnormally large amounts of food in a discrete period
- Sense of inability to control binges and eating
- Regular self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise (inappropriate compensatory behaviors)
- Occurrence of binge-eating episodes and compensatory behaviors on average at least twice a week for 3 months
- Self evaluation inappropriately based on body shape and weight
PURGING has regularly and is currently engaged in:
self induced vomiting, or misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemasNON-PURGING has regularly and is currently engaged in:
fasting or excessive exercise and nor other compensatory behaviorsNote that specific compensatory behaviors are listed in the criteria. While some are categorized under PURGING TYPE and others NON-PURGING TYPE, each has specific detrimental effects and all should not be referred to non-descriptively together as purging (as many adolescents will do) but specifically identified and treated.
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Bulimia Nervosa: Prevalence
The syndrome of bulimia nervosa should be differentiated from the recent behavior of many normal adolescent females who try to control their weight and shape by occasionally causing themselves to vomit. These young women may also use laxatives or diuretics to rid themselves of body fluids and the products of digestion. By college age as many as 20% of females may engage in these inappropriate behaviors. Only about 2-4% of college age women have serious disorders that meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa. The effected population is more diverse than with anorexia nervosa; more are women of color, older at onset, male and from a broad economic spectrum.A serious condition is one that is uncontrollable, and includes psychological features that impair normal functioning. Bulimia nervosa sometimes develops in obese adolescents or following episodes of anorexia nervosa. The disorder may also arise in adolescents with less fashionable hereditary shapes, e.g. large or unusually shaped leg muscles. The adolescent with bulimia is more likely to be fertile than the individual with anorexia nervosa. Therefore, certain young women will have bulimia during pregnancy (See section on Bulimia Nervosa in Pregnancy).
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Bulimia Nervosa: Common psychosocial characteristics
Bulimia nervosa, a serious eating disorder, indicates important psychological disturbances in the adolescent. Her self-esteem is often extremely low and tied to her feelings about certain characteristics of her body that are genetically controlled. She usually thinks of herself as physically unattractive, although others may observe that she is well groomed and has normal, even attractive, physical features. Normal weight adolescents with bulimia obviously will not have the seriously compromised nutritional status of those starving with anorexia nervosa. Thus, unlike adolescents with anorexia nervosa, they will not experience the mental dysfunction and distorted perception resulting from starvation neurosis (described by Keys et al in The Biology of Human Starvation, U of Minn. Press, 1950, vol. II). See section on Crisis Stage: Psychological effects of starvationSuperficially, the adolescent with bulimia nervosa may keep a heavy social schedule, but in reality she may have few close friends. In contrast to the more rigid adolescent with anorexia nervosa, young women with bulimia nervosa often demonstrate poor impulse control. By all accounts, gorging, vomiting, and purging serve to release tension for the sufferers. They often describe feeling “numbed out” during a binge. However, the residual guilt and feelings of inadequacy bring renewed tension that helps perpetuate an uncontrolled cycle. Social isolation is also perpetuated because they fear their secret will be found out.
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Bulimia Nervosa: Food related behavior
The teenager with bulimia nervosa periodically eats large amounts of food and then voluntarily vomits, purges or exercises excessively. Each person with bulimia nervosa defines a binge for herself. Because of distortions in thinking about food, as little as one doughnut may be thought of as a binge by one person while as much as an entire package of doughnuts may constitute a binge for another. As the habits continue, it becomes easier for adolescents to vomit. Eventually, the vomiting is a nearly automatic response. In addition, an adolescent may abuse laxatives to purge herself of the food she has ingested or use diuretics to remove body fluid.[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Common physical symptoms
Physical symptoms of the adolescent with bulimia nervosa will include:- Cracked, damaged lips
- Tooth damage
- Throat irritation
- Esophageal inflammation (all of the above symptoms are caused by exposure of unprotected tissues to acidic vomitus)
- Callused hands (from contact with teeth when used to stimulate vomiting)
- Swollen salivary glands (caused by acidic reflux or constant stimulation)
- Broken blood vessels in face (from force of vomiting)
- Rectal bleeding (caused by overuse of laxatives)
- Fluctuations in body weight
- Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- Ruptures in the upper gastrointestinal tract
- Kidney disorders
Bulimia Nervosa: Dental destruction
Adolescents who regularly vomit due to an eating disorder will sustain severe damage to dental enamel, most prominently on the lingual surface of the teeth. A specific pattern of erosion of enamel, and even of dentin, has been identified in frequent vomiters and described in detail. Previously applied fillings will be left standing above the surface of teeth that have been eroded. Dentists, may be the first health care professionals in position to recognize an eating disorder if an adolescent seeks improved dental esthetics. Dental specialists have developed a protocol for prevention of further erosion, meanwhile referring adolescents for eating disorder treatment. The strategy includes neutralizing oral fluids following vomiting episodes and avoiding abrasion of the teeth. Thus, adolescents are taught to use bicarbonate of soda washes and to refrain from brushing after vomiting. Dentists supply fluoride as a preventive. Meanwhile, to insure the restoration will be effective, restorative procedures are delayed until adolescents are in treatment and have ceased vomiting.Pain and discomfort in the oral cavity may interfere with normal eating patterns adolescents need to adopt in order to recover from bulimia or anorexia nervosa. Thus, the permanent teeth of adolescents need to be protected by attentive clinicians of all disciplines who can refer them to dentists familiar with the complexities of serving adolescents with eating disorder syndromes.
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Bulimia Nervosa: Intervention strategies
The techniques most frequently reported in treating adolescents with bulimia nervosa are similar to those employed to promote recovery of anorexia nervosa adolescents, including psychotherapy, nutritional therapy, medical monitoring and health education. Pharmicotherapy may be included with other modalities when providers determine it will improve overall treatment. An experienced, well trained treatment team will be needed for greatest success.[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Psychotherapy
The emphasis of this component of psychotherapy is freeing the person from guilt, facilitating gains in self-esteem, and helping her deal with anxiety. Distorted goal setting linked to perfection or changing inherent body characteristics is challenged. Ideally the adolescent’s family or partner will be included in certain aspects of psychotherapy, though not as routinely as for anorexia nervosa since adolescents are generally older.[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Nutritional therapy
While she deals with the psychological problem, the adolescent with bulimia nervosa will need reeducation to nourish herself properly. Physical and nutritional education can fill gaps in the knowledge of these teenagers about their body functions. Over time, myths about weight management can be dispelled and more normal eating habits developed. Because of distorted feelings about food, the adolescent with bulimia may feel guilty every time she eats, despite the fact that food is necessary to sustain life. The family often reinforces her guilt with a misguided overfocus on food, thinness and physical appearance. An adolescent with bulimia usually attempts to restrict her food intake to match the “ideal” (generally restrictive) plan she conceives for herself. Binges may thus arise from the natural physical and psychological urge to end hunger, with an over compensation for the deprivation earlier in the day.[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Role of the clinical nutritionist
The clinical nutritionist on the interdisciplinary treatment team will help a young person with bulimia nervosa understand the role of food in life and accept a more realistic weight. Helping her understand energy balance and nutrient functions as well as the effects or gorging, vomiting, and purging is especially useful. Education must be done in a counseling mode, allowing for gradual alteration of the adolescent's rigid set of beliefs. Psycho-therapists will provide concurrent family and individual psychotherapy, dealing with underlying causes of obsessional food behavior. They may determine group therapy will be most effective at some stages of recovery. Physicians will manage the physical care, monitoring symptoms and progress.[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Coincident with pregnancy
If pregnant, the teenager with bulimia may be committed to protecting her unborn child but retain ideas that inhibit normal nourishment of herself, her fetus, and the child after birth. Physical concerns during pregnancy are the adverse bio-chemical- chemical environment for the mother and fetus, the mother’s abnormal weight gain pattern and the mother’s unrealistic ideas about infant feeding. Weight loss, lack of weight gain or inordinate gain during gestation, indicate adverse nutritional status. During recovery, care of any pregnancy that may occur must be included.[top] [Table of Contents]
Bulimia Nervosa: Pregnancy care
The teenager with bulimia nervosa who is pregnant can be helped to accept the idea that the baby she wants must be adequately nourished. She is then supported in retaining foods that the fetus needs. If she cannot give up bingeing and vomiting, or purging, totally, she must be taught to delay it until nourishing foods have been digested. Delaying detrimental bulimic behavior is analogous to making sure an oral contraceptive is not vomited out of the system, which sexually active adolescents who wish to avoid pregnancy learn to do. All aspects of gestational progress should be carefully monitored. The pregnant adolescent with bulimia should also be helped to learn to recognize natural hunger signals from her baby after it is born. Intensive therapy for an eating disorder, building on skills the young woman developed to maintain health during gestation, can begin post partum.[ Nutritional Care Summarized - Table ]
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