Constructivist models:

1.Learners actively construct their own understandings

2.Teaching proceeds from the whole to the part

3.Literacy is embedded in social contexts.

4.Students are encouraged to explore  the functions of literacy or the relationship of skills to these functions.

5.Instruction is student centered; individual differences are taken into account

6.Instruction emphasizes the processes of thinking; recognizes the place of students' life experiencesand cultural schemata.

Transmission models: 

1.Skills and knowledge can be transmitted or passively absorbed.

 2.Teaching proceeds from the part to the whole.

 3.Literacy is taught as skills in the abstract, without regard  for social context.

 4.Little or no emphasis is placed on the functions of literacy .

 5.Instruction is skills-driven; little emphasis is given to individual or group differences.

 6.Instruction focuses on product; little recognition given to students' life experiences and cultural schemata.

 7.Instruction may reflect the values of the mainstream, to the exclusion of other cultures.