ONCOLOGY

Adrenal Neoplasms	Metastatic Cancer with an Unknown Primary
Angiogenesis Inhibitors	Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias
Bladder Cancer	Myelodysplasias
Breast Neoplasms	Ovarian Neoplasms
Cervical Neoplasms	Pancreatic Cancer
Colorectal Neoplasms	Pituitary Neoplasms
Endometrial Neoplasms	Prostate Cancer
Esophageal Cancer and Barrett's Esophagus	Radiotherapy
Gastric Cancer	Renal Tumors
Leukemias	Skin Cancers
Liver Neoplasms	Thyroid Tumors
Lung Cancer	Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Lymphoma	Vulvar Neoplasms

Treatment of anemia in cancer: See Erythropoietic Growth Factors

Antioxidants for prevention of cancer-Selenium may be helpful; unclear potential benefit/harm to vit. B6 and/or B12; likely no benefit and/or potential harm with beta-carotene, folic acid, and Vitamins A, C, or E:

In a meta-analysis of 14 trials (only 7 of which were judged to be of "high" methodologic quality) of antioxidants vs. placebo for prevention of GI cancers (esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, of hepatic) (Lancet 364:1219, 2004--JW):
- Selenium was ass'd with RR 0.49 of GI Ca's
- None of the following had any sig. effect: Beta-carotene and vitamins A, C, or E
13,017 adult pts randomized to (ascorbic acid 120 mg, vitamin E 30 IU, beta-carotene 6 mg, selenium 100 micrograms, and zinc 20 mg) QD vs. placebo. Over mean 7.5y f/u, men (but not women) had sig. reduction in incidence of cancer (RR 0.69) and all-cause mortality (RR 0.63) ("SU.VI.MAX" Study, Arch. Int. Med. 164:2335, 2004--JW)
The HOPE-TOO trial evaluated the effect of vitamin E on Ca incidence and mortality; click link for details
In the Women's Health Study (click on link for details), over mean 10y f/u, there was no sig. diff. between vitamin E vs. placebo recipients in incidence of all cancers, overall cancer mortality, or of incidence of breast, colorectal, or lung Ca (JAMA 294:56, 2005--JW)
In a study in 1,021 adults with h/o colorectal adenoma but no h/o colon Ca randomized to folic acid 1mg/d vs. placebo, over 6-8y f/u, there was no sig. diff. in overall incidence of colorectal adenoma, but incidence of "advanced lesions" (25% or more villous features, high-grade displasia, size 1cm or greater, or invasive Ca) was higher in the folic acid recipients, with the difference approaching statistical significance (11.6% vs. 6.9%; p = 0.05) ("Polyp Prevention Study", JAMA 297:2351, 2007--JW)
In a study in 5,442 women > 40yowith CAD or CAD risk factors randomized to a combination of (folate 2.5mg, vit. b6 50mg, and vit. b12 1mg) QD vs. placebo, after mean 7y f/u, there was no sig. diff. between the groups in overall mortality, Ca-related mortality, overall Ca incidence or incidence of various specific cancers except for women 65yo or greater, sig. reduction in breast Ca risk was noted (HR 0.62) ("Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study" ("WAFACS") trial; JAMA 300:2012, 2008-JW)
In a pair of trials in 6,837 pts with ischemic heart disease randomized to (folic acid 0.8 mg/d + vitamin B12 0.4 mg/d + vitamin B6 40mg/d), (folate + B12), (B6 alone), or placebo, over median 39mo tx + 38mo additional f/u, the pts who received (folate + B12), compared with pts who received neither had sig. higher incidence of overall Ca diagnoses (10.0% vs. 8.4%; HR 1.21), Ca mortality (4.0% vs. 2.9%, HR 1.38), and overall mortality (16.1% vs. 13.8%, HR 1.18)-All primarily due to lung Ca. No sig. effects to vitamin B6 treatment. ("Norwegian Vitamin Trial" and "Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial"; JAMA 302:2119, 2009-abst)

Antithrombotics for prevention of Cancer

In the Women's Health Study (click on link for details), over mean 10y f/u, there was no sig. diff. between aspirin vs. placebo recipients in incidence of all cancers, overall cancer mortality, or of incidence of breast, colorectal, or lung Ca (JAMA 294:47, 2005--JW)
In a case-control study of 1,442 women with breast Ca and 1,420 controls, ever-use of ASA or other NSAIDs 1 or more times/wk for > 6mow was ass'd with OR 0.80 for breast Ca (sig.); no such association w/acetaminophen (JAMA 291:2433, 2004--abst)
In a case-control study in 7,006 women with breast Ca and 3,622 controls, after adjustment for potential confounders, regular NSAID use was associated with sig. lower risk (RR 0.78) of breast Ca; RR for premenopausal women was 0.62; no diff. in risk reduction according to hormone receptor status of the tumor. (Am. J. Epidem. 162:165, 2005--abst)
In a retrospective cohort study (Nurses' Health Study II), with data on 112,000 premenopausal women, there was no consistent association between regular use of ASA, NSAIDs, or acetaminophen and risk for breast Ca (Arch. Int. Med. 169:115, 2009-JW)