Automated Highway Systems
Edited by Petros A. Ioannou, University of Southern California
Director, Center for Advanced Transportation Technology
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1997, 347 pages + index(posted with their permission)
Available at Amazon.com, new and used
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION: Petros Ioannou, pp 3-10
1. AHS Activities: United States
2. AHS Activities: Europe
3. AHS Activities: Japan
ReferencesCHAPTER 2 - REASONS FOR OPERATING AHS VEHICLES IN PLATOONS: Steven E. Shladover, pp 11-28
1. Introduction
2. Reasons for Operating Automated Vehicles in Platoons
3. History of Automated Platoon Concepts
4. Misconceptions about Automated Platooning
4.1. Platooning Is Very Complicated and Expensive
4.2. The Sensor Requirements for Platooning Are Very Demanding
4.3. Platooned Operations Would Expose Travelers to Frequent Crashes, Which Would Not Be Acceptable
4.4. Small-Gap Operations within Platoons Will Be Alarming to Drivers and Passengers
5. Recent Research Accomplishments on Platoon Operations
5.1. Control Accuracy and Ride Quality
5.2. Actuator Performance Requirements
5.3. Sensor and Communication System Performance Requirements
5.4. Platoon Collision Dynamics
5 .5. Probabilities of Injury and Fatality under Different Failure Conditions
5.6. Aerodynamic Drag Reductions
5.7. Energy Consumption and Pollutant Emission Effects
6. Technological Capabilities Needed to Make Platooning Work
7. Remaining Problem Areas
7.1. Human Factors and User Acceptance
7.2. Achievable Intraplatoon Spacing
7.3. Intraplatoon Collision Effects
7.4. Unusual Aerodynamic Effects
8. Conclusion
ReferencesCHAPTER 3 - INTEGRATION OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS INTO EXISTING CALIFORNIA FREEWAYS: Youngbin Yim, Mark A. Miller, Paul Hellman, and Mohammad Sharafsaleh, pp 29-48
1. Introduction
2. California Freeway Characteristics
3. AHS Deployment Concepts
3.1. At-GradeAHS Concept
3.2. Above-Grade AHS Concept
3.3. Below-Grade AHS Concept
4. Evaluation of AHS Concepts
4.1. Evaluation Criteria
4.2. Deployment Criteria
4.3. Hierarchy of AHS Concepts
5. Detailed Discussion of AHS Implementation Issues
5.1. Operational Features of the Shared Space Concept
5.2. Design Requirements for Above- and Below-Grade AHS Facilities
5.3. Environmental Concerns Associated with AHS Facilities
5.4. AHS Issues Specific to Urban and Rural Environments
6. Summary and Conclusions
ReferencesCHAPTER 4 - SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS: EVOLUTIONARY DEPLOYMENT
CONSIDERATIONS: Randolph W Hall, pp 49-72
1. Background
2. Related Publications
3. Criteria for Evolutionary Deployment
4. Dimensions of Evolution
5. Evolutionary Strategy for Cost/Benefit Studies
5.1. Evolutionary Scenario
5.2. Assignment of Functions
5.3. Operating Concepts
5.4. Justification for Evolutionary Steps
5.5. Market Penetration
6. Implementation Scenarios
6.1. Electronics
6.2. Roadway Construction
7. Discussion
ReferencesCHAPTER 5 - STEP BY STEP TO AN AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM - AND
BEYOND: Jerry D. Ward, pp 73-92
1. Why?
2. Notional Basis for System Design: Emulate the Human
3. How Safe Is "Safe"?
4. Dedicated Lanes . . . Or Just Another Car on the Freeway
4.1. Dedicated Lanes: Advantages
4.2. Dedicated Lanes: The Fatal Flaw
4.3. The Investment Decision to Develop AHS-Equipped Vehicles
4.4. The Investment Decision for Dedicated AHS Lanes
5. The Mixed Traffic System
5.1. The Evolutionary Scenario
5.2. Truly Intelligent Cruise Control
5.3. Automatic Lane Holding and the Mark I Automated Highway System
5.4. An Aside: System Standardization and Competition
5.5. Platooning—"Highway Togetherness"
5.6. Fully Automated Freeway Trips
5.7. Toward Fully Automated Travel
5.8. Fully Automated Trips—Origin to Destination
6. Recapitulation
ReferenceCHAPTER 6 - THE EVOLUTION OF AHS AND CURRENT VEHICLE TRENDS
IN LIGHT OF AEROSPACE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION: David A. Blancett, Gregory H. Davis,
Sheryl A. Payne, and Charles E. Taylor, pp 93-108
1. Introduction
2. Aerospace Technology Application
2.1. System Standards
2.2. On-Board System Monitoring
2.3. On-Board Electronic System Architecture
2.4. System Integration
2.5. Software
2.6. Affordability
ReferencesCHAPTER 7 - EVOLUTION TO AN AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM:
William B. Stevens, pp109-1241. Introduction
1.1 Driver Acceptance
1.2 Upward Compatible Vehicles
1.3 Evolution of State DOTs
2. Potential Evolutionary Steps
2.1 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
2.2 Frontal Collision Warning
2.3 Frontal Collision Avoidance
2.4 Side-Looking Collision Warning and Avoidance
2.5 Lane Keeping
2.6 Combined ACC, Frontal Collision Avoidance, and Lane Keeping
2.7 Combined with Dedicated Lane
2.8 Combined with Dedicated Lanes and Roadside Parameter Control
2.9 Fully Automated Vehicle Control on a Dedicated Lane (AHS)
2.10 Fully Automous Operation
3. Driver Acceptance of AVC Services
3.1. ACC
3.2. Frontal Collision Warning
3.3. Frontal Collision Avoidance
3.4. Side-Looking Collision Warning and Avoidance
3.5. Lane Keeping
3.6. Combined ACC, Frontal Collision Avoidance, and Lane Keeping
3.7. Combined with Dedicated Lane
3.8. Combined with Dedicated Lanes and Roadside Parameter Control
3.9. Fully Automated Vehicle Control on a Dedicated Lane (AHS)
3.10. Autonomous Control
4. Upward Compatibility of Vehicles
4.1. Electronically Actuated Throttle, Brakes, and Steering
4.2. Sensors
4.3. Processors
5. Driver Motives and Societal Motives
6. Definition of Terms
Summary
ReferencesCHAPTER 8 - SPACING AND CAPACITY EVALUATIONS FOR DIFFERENT
AHS CONCEPTS: Alexander Kanans, Petros Ioannou, and Fu-Sheng Ho, pp 125-172
1. Introduction
2. Safe Intervehicle Spacing Analysis
2.1. Minimum Spacing for Collision Avoidance
2.2. Minimum Spacing for Low-Impact Collisions
2.3. Bounded Collision Energy Analysis
3. Vehicle Following Concepts
3.1. Autonomous Vehicles
3.2. Free Agent Vehicles—Infrastructure Supported
3.3. Free Agent Vehicles—Infrastructure Managed
3.4. Platooning without Coordinated Braking
3.5. Platooning with Coordinated Braking
3.6. Infrastructure-Managed Slotting
4. Spacing and Capacity Evaluations
4.1. Adhesion and Friction
4.2. Uniform versus Nonuniform Braking
4.3. Mixing of Vehicle Classes
4.4. Autonomous Vehicles
4.5. Free Agent Vehicles—Infrastructure Supported
4.6. FreeAgentVehicles—Infrastructure Managed
4.7. Vehicle Platoons without Coordinated Braking
4.8. Vehicle Platoons with Coordinated Braking and No Delay
4.9. Vehicle Platoons with Coordinated Braking and Staggered Timing
4.10. Infrastructure-Managed Slotting
5. Discussion and Conclusions
References
Appendix A: Vehicular Data References
Appendix B: Tables of ResultsCHAPTER 9 - COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR AHS:
Andreas Polydoros and Prokopios Panagiotou, pp 173-1941. Introduction
2. AHS Functional Requirements
2.1. Advanced Traffic Management and Information Systems (ATMIS)
2.2. Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)
3. Technology Availability
3.1. Candidate Technologies
3.2. Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) and Advanced Highway Advisory Radio (AHAR)
3.3. Frequency Modulation/Subsidiary Communications Authorization (FM/SCA)
3.4. Radio Data System (RDS)
3.5. High-Speed FM Subcarrier Data System (HSDS)
3.6. Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI) and Secondary Audio Programming (SAP)
3.7. Roadside Beacons
3.8. Infrared Communication Links
3.9. Digital Cellular Systems
3.10. Personal Communications Services (PCS) Systems
3.11. Mobile Satellite Systems
3.12. Satellite-Based Position Location Systems
3.13. Meteor Burst
3.14. Technology Applicability
4. AHS-Related Worldwide Programs
4.1. North American Programs
4.2. European Programs
4.3. Japanese Programs
5. Future Technologies: Packet Radii
6. Conclusions
ReferencesCHAPTER 10 - CONTROL AND SENSOR REQUIREMENTS AND ISSUES IN AHS:
Petros Ioannou, pp 195-212
1. Introduction
2. AHS Control Structure
3. Vehicle Control System
3.1. Spacing and Speed Control
3.2. Longitudinal Control Based on Time Headway
3.3. Platooning
3.4. Lane Keeping and Lane Changing
3.5. Emergency Control
3.6. Maneuver Coordination
4. Link and Network Control
ReferencesCHAPTER 11 - COMMERCIAL TRUCKS AND BUSES IN AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS:
Ioannis Kanellakopoulos and Masayoshi Tomizuka , pp 213-2461. Introduction and Motivation
2. Control Issues
2.1. Actuation-to-Weight Ratio
2.2. Lateral Dynamics
2.3. Strong Coupling of Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics
2.4. Actuator Delays and Nonlinearities
2.5. Disturbance Effects
3. Modeling of Heavy Vehicles for AHS
3.1. Longitudinal Dynamics Model
3.2. Lateral Dynamics Model
4. Control Design for Automated CHVS
4.1. Longitudinal Control Design
4.2. Lateral Control Design
5. Conclusions
ReferencesCHAPTER 12 - AERODYNAMIC BENEFITS FROM CLOSE-FOLLOWING:
R Browand, M. Zabat, and P Tokurnam, pp 247-264
1. Close-Following as a Part of the Automated Highway Concept
1.1. Congestion on Urban Highways
1.2. Reduced Fuel Expenditures and Reduced Pollution
2. Aerodynamic Prediction Based on Numerical Solutions and Wind Tunnel Measurements
2.1. Defining Drag Coefficient and Reynolds Number
2.2. High-Reynolds-Number Flows Prove Difficult for Computer Simulation
2.3. Description of Wind Tunnel Tests
3. Two Vehicles: The Close-Following Platoon of Minimum Length
3.1. Drag Coefficients from Wind Tunnel Tests
3.2. The Intervehicle Gap Regarded as a Cavity
3.3. Numerical Computations Utilizing a Simplified Model for Vehicle Shape
3.4. Numerical Solutions and Wind Tunnel Measurements
4. Three and Four Vehicles in Tandem
5. The Many-Vehicle Limit by Extrapolation
5.1. Defining an Average Drag Coefficient for Close-Following
5.2. The Fuel Consumption Estimates of Sovran
5.3. Fuel Consumption Calculations
6. Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 13 - THE EFFECTS OF AHS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Matthew J.Barth, pp 265-292
1. Introduction
2. The Direct Effects of AHS on Vehicle Emissions
2.1. Power Demand-Based Modal Emission Model
2.2. SmartPath Simulator
2.3. AHS Operation
2.4. Steady-State Velocity Emissions
2.5. Vehicle Emissions for AHS Maneuvers
3. Induced Travel Demand
4. Conclusions and Future Work
ReferencesCHAPTER 14 - REGIONAL MOBILITY IMPACTS ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY AUTOMATION:
Mark A. Miller, Anne Bresnock, Steven E. Shladover, and Edward H. Lechner, pp 293-312
1. Introduction
2. Highway Automation Scenario Description
3. Transportation Technology Assignment Methodologies
4. Regional Mobility Impacts
5. Subarea Assessment
6. Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 15 - INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIETAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: AN ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE: Mark A. Miller, pp 313-324
1. Introduction
2. Sources of Information
3. Issues Analyse and Recommendations
3.1. Travel-Related Issues
3.2. Recommendations for Resolution of Travel-Related Issues
3.3. Infrastructure and Urban Form Issues
3.4. Recommendations for Resolution of Infrastructure/Urban Form Issues
3.5. Institutional Issues
3.6. Recommendations for Resolution of Institutional Issues
4. Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 16 - AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM DEPLOYMENT: A PRELIMINARY
ASSESSMENT OF UNCERTAINTIES :Randolph W. Hall and H.-S. Jacob Tsao, pp 325-334
1. Introduction
2. An Influence Diagram for AHS Feasibility
2.1. People Use AHS
2.2. Auto Makers Manufacture Equipped Vehicle
2.3. Government Builds AHS Roadways
2.4. Highway Can Evolve
2.5. Interest Groups Do Not Obstruct
2.6. Performance Is Adequate
2.7. Technology Is Feasible
3. Feasibility Issues
4. Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 17 - SOCIETAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF AHS DEPLOYMENT:
William B. Stevens , pp 335-347
1. Community Choice
2. Land Use
2.1. Tailoring to Community Needs
2.2. AHS Impact on Land Use
3. User Acceptance
3.1. General Public
3.2. Trucking
3.3. Transit
4. Emissions and Fuel Consumption
5. Legal and Legislative Aspects
5.1. Tort Liability
5.2. Privacy/Enforcement Issues
5.3. Compliance with Current Regulations
5.4. Special Licensing
6. Equity
7. AHS Operation and Maintenance
8. National Certification
ReferencesINDEX, p 349-351
Last modified: January 13, 2005