Anthropology of Music is a survey of theoretical schools and trends in anthropological theory, selected for their historical and/or contemporary importance to the cross-cultural study of music. Readings will include selections from general sociocultural theoretical writings as well as from works specifically dealing with music, in order to situate the musically-oriented studies within their wider anthropological contexts.

The class will follow a lecture-discussion format, and everyone is expected to participate in the discussions. Readings will be assigned weekly, and should be done before class. Students are expected to have basic knowledge of sociocultural anthropology and ethnomusicological studies of world music. Those who lack background in either area should plan on doing extra background readings from introductory survey textbooks concurrently with the class readings.

The final term paper, due the last day of class,  will consist of an application of two distinct schools of anthropological theory to the same ethnographic case, with the goal of exploring the different emphases, methods, and results of each respective theory. The main subject of the paper is the comparison of the two theories, not the people or music chosen as a case to illustrate the theories! The two schools chosen must be from two different periods -- i.e., one from the pre-twentieth century or the first two decades of the twentieth century, and one from the later twentieth or twenty-first century. Theories should be relevant to the ethnographic case – for example, urban anthropological theory is an unlikely candidate for application to the study of Eskimo seal hunting songs in their traditional context of a rural hunting camp. It is expected that attempts to apply a different theory from that of the original researcher will often find gaps in information essential to the new theory. If so, attention to the reasons for such gaps and the obstacles they raise for alternative theoretical interpretations will be desirable, and perhaps even more useful for comparative evaluation of the theories than a case in which no problems of application arise. The course will be graded on the final paper and on participation in class discussions

1. Exploration, Ethnography, and Philosophical Travellers
2. Ethnology, Race, and the Science of National Music
3. Progress, Evolution, and the Comparative Method
4. Ethnographic Description, Fieldwork and Participant Observation
5. Sociology, Functionalism and Structural-functionalism
6. Diffusionism, Culture Areas and Music Cultures
7. Change, Development, and Urbanization
8. Structure, Cognition, and Symbolism
9. Performance, Experience, and Communication
10. Marxist, Reflexivist, and Critical Anthropology
11. Feminism and Gender
12. Postcolonialism and Globalization

Suggested Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theory

Eggan, Fred
1968 "One Hundred Years of Ethnology and Social Anthropology." In J. O. Brew, ed., One Hundred Years of Anthropology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 116-149. Eggan

Stocking, George W., Jr.
1990 "Paradigmatic Traditions in the History of Anthropology." In Stocking, The ethnographer's magic. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1992, pp. 342-61. Stocking

Unit 1 Readings: Exploration, Ethnography, and Philosophical Travelers

Renaissance Ethnography and Theory

SUZLIB/SUZSTX F2511 .L655 1990

Nicolay, Nicolas de, sieur d'Arfeuille, 1517-1583.
1567-8 "In Praise of Peregrinations and Foreign Observations." In Nicolay, Les Quatre Premiers Livres des Navigations et Peregrinations Orientales. Ter Ellingson, tr. Lyon: 1-8: Par Gvillavme Roville, 1567-68. Nicolay 1 Nicolay 2

Lescarbot, Marc
1606 Nova Francia: A Description of Arcadia. P. Erondelle, tr. London 1609. Reprinted London: Routledge, 1928. Read Book 2 Preface (pp. 145-146), Chapter 21 (pp. 260-266), and "To France".
Lescarbot 1 Lescarbot 2 "To France"
and chapter on Hunting

Enlightenment Ethnography and Theory

Montagu, Mary Wortley

1716-18b Turkish Embassy Letters. London: Virago. Read Letters XXVII, XXXI, XXXIV.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
1755b A Discourse on Inequality. Maurice Cranston, tr. London : Penguin, 1984. Read Preface and Parts I-II, pp. 67-137. Be sure to read Rousseau's Notes, p. 137 ff. (On The) Equality Among Mankind

Degerando (DeGerando), Joseph-Marie1800 (1969) The Observation of Savage Peoples. F. C. T. Moore, tr. Berkeley : University of California Press. pp. 59-104. See also Fabian 1983, below.

Critical Anthropology and Cultural Studies

Fabian, Johannes
1983 Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Columbia University Press. Read Chapter 1, "Time and the Emerging Other." Fabian

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theorygness, Lewis L. 1987 The Study of Culture. Revised ed. Novato, CA: Chandler & Sharp. Read Introduction

Unit 2 Readings: Ethnology, Race, and the Science of National Music

Hunt, James
1863 "On the Negro's Place in Nature." Memoirs Read before the Anthropological Society of London, 1863-64 I: 1-60.
Hunt part 1 Hunt part 2

Prichard, James Cowles
1843 The Natural History of Man. H. Bailliere. Read Sections 1-2, 50, 52-53, Conclusion. Prichard 1-2 50-Conclusion

Jeffries, John
1869 The Natural History of the Human Races. New York: Edward O. Jenkins. Read Introduction and Chapters 16-17. Intro Ch 16 Ch 17

Engel, Carl
1866 An Introduction to the Study of National Music. London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer. Read Preface and Chapters 1-2.
Engel National Music1 Ch 2a Ch 2b Ch 2c

1874 "Music and Ethnology," in Notes and Queries on Anthropology, 1st ed. Reprinted in Engel, Musical Myths and Facts. London: Novello, 1876: 23-31.
Engel Music and Ethnology

Additional sources:

Day, Charles R.
1891 Music and Musical Instruments of Southern India and the Deccan. London: Novello. Reprint Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corp., 1974.

Engel, Carl
1864 Music of the Most Ancient Nations. Reprint ed. London: William Reeves, 1929.

Prichard, James Cowles
1813 Researches into the Physical History of Man. London: John and Arthur Arch.

History and Criticism:

Ellingson, Ter
2001 The Myth of the Noble Savage. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chapters 13-19.

Gould, Stephen Jay
1981 The Mismeasure of Man. Rev. ed. New York: Norton, 1996.

Stanton, William Ragan.
1960 The Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America, 1815-59. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Stocking, George W., Jr.
1968 Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology. NY: Free Press.

1973 "From Chronology to Ethnology: James Cowles Prichard and British Anthropology, 1800-1850." In Prichard, Researches into the Physical History of Man, London: John and Arthur Arch; reprinted Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. ix-cx.

1987 Victorian Anthropology. New York : Free Press ; London : Collier Macmillan, Chapters 2 and 7.

1992 The Ethnographer's Magic and Other Essays in the History of Anthropology. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press.

1989 Romantic Motives : Essays on Anthropological Sensibility. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theoryangness, Lewis L. 1987 The Study of Culture. Revised ed. Novato, CA: Chandler & Sharp. Read Chapter 1

Unit 3 Readings : Evolution and the Comparative Method

Darwin, Charles
1871 The Descent of Man, And Selection in Relation to Sex. London: J. Murray. Reprinted 1981, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Read "Natural Selection as affecting Civilised Nations," pp. 167-180, and "Voice and Musical Powers," pp. 330-337.

Tylor, Edward Burnett
1871a "The Science of Culture." Chapter 1 of Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom. London: J. Murray.

Morgan, Lewis Henry
1877 Ancient Society. New York: Henry Holt. Chapter 1: "Ethnical Periods."

Rowbotham, J. F.
1880 "The Origin of Music." Contemporary Review 38: 647-664.

1881 "Certain Reasons for Believing that the Art of Music in Prehistoric Times Passed through Three Distinct Stages of Development, Each Characterized by the Invention of a New Form of Instrument, and that these Stages Invariably Succeeded One Another in the Same Order in Various Parts of the World." Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 10: 380-389.

Fillmore, John Comfort
1899 "The Harmonic Structure of Indian Music." American Anthropologist n.s. 1: 297-318.

Hornbostel, Erich M. von
1905 "The Problems of Comparative Musicology." Richard Campbell, tr. In Hornbostel Opera Omnia 1: 247-270. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975.
Hornbostel Part 1 Hornbostel Part 2

Boas, Franz
1896 "The Limitations of the Comparative Method of Anthropology." Reprinted in Race, Language and Culture. New York: Free Press, 1940, pp. 270-80.

Additional sources - Anthropology:

Frazer, J. G.
1890 (1958) The Golden Bough. London: Macmillan.

Morgan, Lewis Henry
1851 League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois. Rochester: Sage.

1870 Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.

Tylor, Edward Burnett
1881 Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization. New York: Appleton.

Additional sources - Music and evolutionism

Balfour, Henry M.
1899 The Natural History of the Musical Bow. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Baker, Theodore
1882 Uber die Musik der nordamerikanischen Wilden. Leipzig: Breitkopf & H rtel. Reprint and English tr., On the Music of the North American Indians. Ann Buckley, tr. Buren, Netherlands: F. Knuf.

Densmore, Frances
1906 "A Plea for the Indian Harmonization of All Indian Songs." Indian School Journal 6/4: 14-15.

1929 "What Intervals Do Indians Sing?" American Anthropologist 31/2: 271-76.

Ellis, Alexander J.
1885 "On the Musical Scales of Various Nations." Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, March 27, 1885: 485-527; October 30, 1885: 1102-11.

Fillmore, John C.
1893b "A Woman's Song of the Kwakiutl Indians." Journal of American Folklore 6/23: 285-90.

1895 "What Do Indians Mean to Do When They Sing, and How Far Do They Succeed?" Journal of American Folklore 8/29: 138-42.

Nettl, Bruno
1956a Music in Primitive Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1956b "Infant Musical Development and Primitive Music." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 12: 87-91.

Parry, C. Hubert H.
1893 Evolution of the Art of Music. Reprinted New York: Appleton, 1912. Chapters 1-3.

Sachs, Curt
1943 The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, East and West. New York: Norton

1962 The Wellsprings of Music. The Hague: M. Nijhoff.

Schneider, Marius
1957 "Primitive Music." In Egon Wellesz, ed., New Oxford History of Music 1: Ancient and Oriental Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-82.

Wallaschek, Richard
1893 Primitive Music. London: Longmans, Green.

Wead, Charles K.
1902 "Contributions to the History of Musical Scales." Report of the U. S. National Museum 1900: 421-62. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.

History and Criticism:

Harris, Marvin
1968 The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: Crowell. (Chs. 4-7: Racism and evolutionism)

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological TheoryLangness, Lewis L.

1987 The Study of Culture. Revised ed. Novato, CA: Chandler & Sharp. Read first part of Chapter 2, pp. 50-58

Unit 4 Readings: Ethnographic description, fieldwork and participant observation

Boas, Franz
1888 "Chinook Songs." Journal of American Folklore 1/3: 220-226.

1889a "The Aims of Ethnology." Reprinted in Race, Language and Culture. New York: Free Press, 1940, pp. 626-38.

Malinowski, Bronislaw
1922a "Introduction." In Argonauts of the Western Pacific, pp. 1-25. New York: Dutton, 1961.

Fletcher, Alice C.
1893 A Study of Omaha Indian Music. Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum 1/5. Cambridge: Peabody Museum. Pp. 1-17, 55, 152.

Hood, Mantle
1960 "The Challenge of Bi-Musicality." Ethnomusicology 4: 55-9.

Additional sources:

Boas, Franz
1896 "Songs of the Kwakiutl Indians." Internationales Archiv f r Ethnographie 9, Ethnographische Beitr ge: 1-9.

1927 Primitive Art. Oslo: Institutet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning. Reprint ed. New York: Dover, 1955.

1938 "Literature, Music, and Dance." Chapter 12 in Boas, ed., General Anthropology. Boston: D. C. Heath, pp. 589-608.

1969 The Ethnography of Franz Boas: Letters and Diaries of Franz Boas Written on the Northwest Coast from 1886 to 1931. Ronald P. Rohner, comp. and ed., Hedy Parker, tr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Densmore, Frances
1910 Chippewa Music. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 45. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.

Fletcher, Alice C.
1904 The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony. Bureau of American Ethnology Report 22/2. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.

Gilman, Benjamin I.
1891 "Zu i Melodies." A Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology 1/2: 65-91.

1908 "Hopi Songs." A Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology 5.

Herzog, George
1935 "Plains Ghost Dance and Great Basin Music." American Anthropologist 37: 403-419.

1936 "A Comparison of Pueblo and Pima Musical Styles." Journal of American Folklore 49/194: 284-424.

Kunst, Jaap
1949 Music in Java. 3rd ed. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972

Hornbostel, Erich M. von
1928 "African Negro Music." Africa 1/1: 30-62.

Roberts, Helen H.
1926 Ancient Hawaiian Music. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Bulletin 29.

Sapir, Edward
1910 "Song Recitative in Paiute Mythology." Journal of American Folklore 23 (October-December): 455-72.

History and Criticism:

Clifford, James
1988 The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Ch. 3: Malinowski)

Geertz, Clifford
1988 Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford: Stanford University Press. (Ch. 4: Malinowski)

Goldschmidt, Walter, ed.
1959 The Anthropology of Franz Boas. American Anthropologist 61/5, Part 2; American Anthropological Association Memoir No. 89.

Harris, Marvin
1968 The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: Crowell. (Chs. 9-11: Boas and "Historical Particularism")

Hofmann, Charles, comp. and ed.
1968 Frances Densmore and American Indian Music. New York: Museum of the American Indian Contributions 23.

Malinowski, Bronislaw
1967 A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.

Stocking, George W., Jr.
1968 Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology. New York: Free Press.

1974 Introduction and editor s essays in [Boas, Franz] The shaping of American anthropology, 1883-1911; a Franz Boas reader. New York, Basic Books.

White, Leslie A.
1963 The Ethnology and Ethnography of Franz Boas. Austin: Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum 6.

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theory

Langness, Lewis L.

1987 The Study of Culture. Read Chapter 3, pp. 74-98

Unit 5 Readings: Sociology, Functionalism and Structural-functionalism

Malinowski, Bronislaw
1922 "Canoes and Sailing." In Argonauts of the Western Pacific, New York: Dutton, 1961, pp. 105-123.

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
1935 "On the Concept of Function in Social Science." Reprinted in Structure & Function in Primitive Society. New York: Free Press, 1952, pp. 178-87.

Waterman, Richard A.
1956 "Music in Australian Aboriginal Culture -- Some Sociological and Psychological Implications." Reprinted in David P. McAllester, ed., Readings in Ethnomusicology. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1971, pp. 167-74.

Additional sources:

Blacking, John
1965   "The Role of Music in the Culture of the Venda of the Northern Transvaal." Studies in Ethnomusicology 2: 20-53.

1967   Venda Children's Songs: A Study in Ethnomusicological Analysis. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Durkheim, Emile, and Marcel Mauss
1903 (1963)   Primitive Classification. Rodney Needham, tr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E., and Meyer Fortes
1940   African Political Systems. London: Oxford University Press.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
1940   The Nuer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1948b   "The Divine Kingship of the Shilluk of the Nilotic Sudan." In Social Anthropology and Other Essays. New York: Free Press, 1962.

Gluckman, Max
1963   Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa. New York: Free Press.

Herskovits, Melville J.
1944   "Drums and Drummers in Afro-Brazilian Cult Life." Musical Quarterly 30: 477-92.

Leach, Edmund R.
1954   Political Systems of Highland Burma. London: Bell.

Malinowski, Bronislaw
1922   Argonauts of the Western Pacific. New York: Dutton, 1961.

1944   A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Mauss, Marcel
1924   The Gift. I. Cunnison, tr. New York: Free Press, 1954.

Merriam, Alan P.
1964   The Anthropology of Music. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. Chapter 11, "Uses and Functions."

Neuman, Daniel M.
1980   The Life of Music in North India: The Organization of an Artistic Tradition. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
1922   The Andaman Islanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1952   Structure & Function in Primitive Society. New York: Free Press.

Van Gennep, Arnold
1909   The Rites of Passage. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee, trs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Weber, Max
1921   "Tonality and its Equivalents in Ancient Melody." Chapter 3 in The Rational and Social Foundations of Music. Don Martindale, Johannes Riedel, and Gertrude Neuwirth, eds. and trs. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1958.

History and Criticism:

Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
1948a   "Social Anthropology." In Social Anthropology and Other Essays. New York: Free Press, 1962, pp. 1-134.

1950   "Social Anthropology: Past and Present." Ibid., pp. 139-154.

Kuklick, Henrika
1991   The savage within : the social history of British anthropology, 1885-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kuper, Adam
1973   Anthropologists and Anthropology: The British School 1922-1972. New York: Pica.

Langham, Ian
1981   The Building of British Social Anthropology: W.H.R. Rivers and his Cambridge disciples in the development of kinship studies, 1898-1931. New York: Dover.

Leach, Edmund R.
1961   Rethinking Anthropology. London: Athlone Press.

Stocking, George W., Jr.
1995   After Tylor: British social anthropology, 1888-1951. Madison : U. of Wisconsin Press.

Stocking, George W., ed.
1984   Functionalism historicized: essays on British social anthropology. Madison: U. of Wisconsin Press.

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theory

Langness, Lewis L.

1987 The Study of Culture. Read Chapter 2, pp. 58-73

Unit 6 Readings - Diffusionism:

Smith, G. Elliott
1927 "The Diffusion of Culture." In Culture: The Diffusion Controversy. New York: Norton, pp. 9-25.

Malinowski, Bronislaw
1927 "The Life of Culture." In Culture: The Diffusion Controversy. New York: Norton, pp. 26-46.

Barbeau, Marius
1934 "Asiatic Survivals in Indian Songs." Musical Quarterly 20/1: 107-116. Reprinted with revisions as "Buddhist Dirges on the North Pacific Coast." Journal of the International Folk Music Council 14 (1962): 16-21.

Readings - Culture Areas:

Kroeber, Alfred L.
1947 "Culture Groupings in Asia." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 3: 322-30. Reprinted in The Nature of Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952, pp. 396-401.

Roberts, Helen H.
1936 Musical Areas in Aboriginal North America. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 12. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Roberts, Part 1 Roberts, Part 2

Merriam, Alan P.
1959 "African Music." In William R. Bascom and Melville J. Herskovits, eds., Continuity and Change in African Cultures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 49-86.
Merriam, Part 1 Merriam, Part 2

Additional sources- Diffusionism and Culture Circles:

Driver, Harold E., and Alfred L. Kroeber
1932 Quantitative Expression of Cultural Relationships. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31/4. Berkeley: University of California
Press.

Frobenius, Leo
1898 "The Origin of African Civilizations." Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1899: 637-50.

Jones, A. M.
1964 Africa and Indonesia: The Evidence of the Xylophone. Leiden: Brill.

Kroeber, Alfred L.
1940 "Stimulus Diffusion." American Anthropologist 42: 1-20. Reprinted in The Nature of Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952, pp. 344-57.

Perry, William J.
1923 The Children of the Sun. London: Methuen.

Rhodes, Willard
1958 "A Study of Musical Diffusion Based on the Wandering of the Opening Peyote Song." Journal of the International Folk Music Council 10: 42-49.

Sachs, Curt
1940 The History of Musical Instruments. New York: Norton. (Table of Contents and Chapter 2, "The Chronology of Early Instruments.")

Schmidt, Wilhelm
1937 The Culture Historical Method of Ethnology. S. A. Sieber, tr. New York: Fortuny, 1939.

Waterman, Richard A.
1952 "African Influence on the Music of the Americas." In Sol Tax, ed., Acculturation in the Americas. Chicago: Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of
Americanists 2: 207-18.

Additional sources - Culture Areas:

Bacon, Elizabeth
1946 "A Preliminary Attempt to Determine the Culture Areas of Asia." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 2: 117-132.

Boas, Franz
1887 "The Principles of Ethnological Classification." In George W. Stocking, Jr., ed., A Franz Boas Reader. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 61-67. Combined
reprint of "The Occurrence of Similar Inventions in Areas Widely Apart" and "Museums of Ethnology and their Classification," Science 9: 485-6, 587-9.

Herskovits, Melville J.
1924 "A Preliminary Consideration of the Culture Areas of Africa." American Anthropologist 26: 50-63.

1930 "The Culture Areas of Africa." Africa 3: 59-77.

Herzog, George
1930 "Musical Styles in North America." Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Americanists Held at New York, September 17-22, 1928: 455-58.

Kroeber, Alfred L.
1939 Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 38. Berkeley: University of California
Press.

Nettl, Bruno
1954 North American Indian Musical Styles. Philadelphia: American Folklore Society.

History and Criticism:

Boas, Franz
1889 "The Methods of Ethnology." In Race, Language, and Culture, New York: Macmillan, 1940, pp. 281-289.

1889 Review of Graebner, "Methode der Ethnologie." In Race, Language, and Culture, New York: Macmillan, 1940, pp. 295-304.

Driver, Harold E.
1962 The Contribution of A. L. Kroeber to Culture Area Theory and Practice. Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics, Memoir 18. Supplement to
International Journal of American Linguistics 28/2.

Lewis, Martin W., and Karen E. Wigen
1997 The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Steward, Julian H.
1955b "Culture Area and Cultural Type in Aboriginal America: Methodological Considerations." In Theory of Culture Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 78-97.

Waterman, Richard A.
1963 "On Flogging a Dead Horse: Lessons Learned from the Africanisms Controversy." Ethnomusicology 7/2: 83-87.

7. Culture Change, Development, and Urbanization

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theoryangness, Lewis L.

1987 The Study of Culture. Read Chapter 2, pp. 58-73hat's New?:

American Anthropological Association1992-93 Abstracts, papers on anthropology of music and performance, from the 1992 and 1993 annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association.

Unit 7 Readings: Culture Change, Development, and Urbanization

Steward, Julian H.
1955a "Multilinear Evolution: Evolution and Process," Chapter 1 in Theory of Culture Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 11-29.

Southall, Aidan
1973a-b "Introduction" and "The Density of Role-Relationships as a Universal Index of Urbanization," in Southall, ed., Urban Anthropology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Southall 1 Southall 2 Southall 3

Coplan, David
1982 "The Urbanization of African Music: Some Theoretical Observations." Popular Music 2: 113-130.

Manuel, Peter
1988 "Perspectives on the Study of Non-Western Popular Musics." Chapter 1 in Popular Musics of the Non-Western World. New York: Oxford University Press.

Additional sources, History and Criticism:

Boas, Franz
1888 "Chinook Songs." Journal of American Folklore 1/3: 220-226.

Coplan, David B.
1985 In Township Tonight! South Africa's Black City Music and Theatre. London: Longman.

Densmore, Frances
1934 "The Songs of Indian Soldiers during the World War." Musical Quarterly 20: 419ff.

1938 "The Influence of Hymns on the Form of Indian Songs." American Anthropologist 40: 175ff.

Grandin, Ingemar
1989 Music and media in local life: Music practice in a Newar Neighbourhood in Nepal. Linköping: Linköping University, Department of Communication Studies.

Gronow, Pekka
1981 "The Record Industry Comes to the Orient." Ethnomusicology 25/2: 251-84.

Hannerz, Ulf
1980 Exploring the City: Inquiries toward an Urban Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press.

Kartomi, Margaret J.
1981 The Processes and Results of Musical Culture Contact: A Discussion of Terminology and Concepts. Ethnomusicology 25: 227 50.

Keil, Charles
1966 Urban Blues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Malinowski, Bronislaw
1945 The Dynamics of Culture Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Mead, Margaret
1932 The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe. New York, Columbia University Press.

Mechanisms of Change. Special issue, World of Music 28/1, 1986.

Nettl, Bruno, ed.
1978 Eight Urban Musical Cultures: Tradition and Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Neuman, Daniel M., ed.
1976 Symposium on the Ethnomusicology of Culture Change in Asia. Asian Music 7/2.

Rykwert, Joseph
1976 The Idea of a Town. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Chapter 5: "The Parallels" (non-Western cities/communities)

Villoteau, Guillaume
1806-7 De l'etat actuel de l'art musical en Egypte. Description de l'Egypte, etat moderne 1. Paris: Imprimerie imperiale.

Wachsmann, Klaus
1958 "A Century of Change in the Folk Music of an African Tribe." Journal of the International Folk Music Council 10: 52-56.

Waterman, Christopher A.
1990 Juju: A Social History and Ethnography of an African Popular Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theory

Langness, Lewis L.

1987 The Study of Culture. Read Chapter 4, pp. 134-137, and Chapter 5.

Unit 8 Readings: Structure, Cognition, and Symbolism

Levi-Strauss, Claude
1973 "The Instruments of Darkness," pp. 359-475, in From Honey to Ashes. Introduction to a Science of Mythology II. New York: Harper & Row.
L-S Instruments, Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Tyler, Stephen A.
1969 "Introduction," in Tyler, ed., Cognitive Anthropology, pp. 1-23. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.

Feld, Steven
1982 Sound and Sentiment: Birds, Weeping, Poetics, and Song in Kaluli Expression. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Hard copy on reserve at Music Library. Read Chapter 1.

Zemp, Hugo
1978 "'Are'are Classification of Musical Types and Instruments." Ethnomusicology 22/1: 37-67.

 

Additional sources, History and Criticism:

Burling, Robbins
1969 "Cognition and Componential Analysis: God's Truth or Hocus-Pocus?" In Tyler, ed., Cognitive Anthropology, pp. 419-28. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. (cf.
discussions by Dell Hymes, pp. 428-31, and Charles Frake, 432)

Douglas, Mary
1970 Natural Symbols. New York: Random House.

Harris, Marvin
1968 The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: Crowell. (Ch. 20: "Emics, Etics, and the New Ethnography.")

Leach, Edmund
1976 Culture and Communication: The Logic by which Symbols are Connected. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Levi-Strauss, Claude
1964 The Raw and the Cooked. Introduction to a Science of Mythology I. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.

1958 Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books, 1963

Sakata, Hiromi Lorraine
1983 Music in the Mind: The Concepts of Music and Musician in Afghanistan. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.

Sperber, Dan
1974 Rethinking Symbolism. Alice L. Morton, tr. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975

1982 On Anthropological Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Tyler, Stephen A., ed.
1969 Cognitive Anthropology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.

White, Leslie
1940a "The Symbol: The Origin and Basis of Human Behavior." Philosophy of Science 7:451-63. Reprinted in Charles C. Hughes, ed., Make Men of Them: Introductory Readings for
Cultural Anthropology, pp. 199-205. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1972.

1940b "Mind is Minding — But or Still?" Scientific Monthly 50:365-66.

Zemp, Hugo
1979 "Aspects of 'Are'are Musical Theory." Ethnomusicology 23/1: 5-48.

 

Overview Readings: History of Anthropological Theory

Marcus, George, and Michael Fischer

1986 Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chapters 1-3.

Unit 9 Readings: Performance, Experience, and Communication

Marcus, George, and Michael Fischer
1986 Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chapters 1-3.

Geertz, Clifford
1973 "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture." Chapter 1 in The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, pp. 3-30.

Kapferer, Bruce
1986 "Performance and the Structuring of Meaning and Experience." In Victor Turner and Edward Bruner, eds., The Anthropology of Experience. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 188-201.

Chernoff, John M.
1979 "Introduction: Scholarship and Participation." In African Rhythm and African Sensibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-23.

Additional sources, History and Criticism:

Behague, Gerard, ed.
1984 Performance Practice: Ethnomusicological Perspectives. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Feld, Steven
1982 Sound and Sentiment: Birds, Weeping, Poetics, and Song in Kaluli Expression. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Kapferer, Bruce
1983 A Celebration of Demons: Exorcism and the Aesthetics of Healing in Sri Lanka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Qureshi, Regula B.
1986 Sufi Music of India and Pakistan: Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ruby, Jay, ed.
1982 A Crack in the Mirror: Reflexive Perspectives in Anthropology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Schechner, Richard
1977 Essays on Performance Theory 1970-1976. New York: Drama Book Specialists.

Schechner, Richard, and Mady Schuman, eds.
1976 Ritual, Play, and Performance. New York: Seabury Press.

Stone, Ruth M.
1982 Let the Inside be Sweet: The Interpretation of Music Event among the Kpelle of Liberia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Turner, Victor
1969 The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago: Aldine.

1974 Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Turner, Victor, and Edward Bruner, eds.
1986 The Anthropology of Experience. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Unit 10 Readings: Marxist, Reflexivist, and Critical Anthropology

Marcus, George, and Michael Fischer
1986 Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chapters 4-6.

Adorno, Theodor W., and Hanns Eisler
1947 3 excerpts: "The Sociology of the Musician,", "Eye, Ear, and the Function of Music," and "Music and the Film," from Composing for the Films. New York: . Reprinted in Maynard Solomon, ed., Marxism and Art. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973, pp. 376-82.

Suzzallo General Stacks HX521 .S63 1979 ON HOLDSHELFAttali, Jacques
1985 "1. Listening." In Noise: The Political Economy of Music. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.

 

Additional sources, History and Criticism:

Adorno, Theodor
1973 The Philosophy of New Music. New York: Seabury.

1976 Introduction to the Sociology of Music. New York: Seabury.

Asad, Talal, ed.
1973 Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. New York: Humanities Press.

1991 "From the History of Colonial Anthropology to the Anthropology of Western Hegemony." In Stocking, George W., ed., Colonial situations : essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 314-324.

Bloch, Maurice
1983 Marxism and Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre
1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fahim, Hussein, ed.
1982 Indigenous Anthropology in Non-Western Countries. Durham: University of North Carolina Press.

Giddens, Anthony
1979 Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Godelier, M.
1977 Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hall, Stuart
1981 "Notes on Deconstructing 'the Popular'." In R. Samuel, ed., People's History and Socialist Theory. London: Routledge.

Hymes, Dell, ed.
1969 Reinventing Anthropology. New York: Pantheon.

Jarvie, Ian C.
1964 The revolution in anthropology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Keil, Charles
1979 Tiv Song: The Sociology of Art in a Classless Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ruby, Jay, ed.
1982 A Crack in the Mirror: Reflexive Perspectives in Anthropology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Sahlins, Marshall
1976 Culture & Practical Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Said, Edward
1978 Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.

Stocking, George W., Jr.
1991 Colonial situations : essays on the contextualization of ethnographic knowledge. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Taussig, Michael
1980 The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

1987 Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wolf, Eric
1982 Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Worsley, Peter
1957 The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 'Cargo' Cults in Melanesia. London: MacGibbon and Kee.

 

Unit 11 Readings: Feminist Anthropology and the Anthropology of Gender

Abu-Lughod, Lila
1986a Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley: University of California Press. Updated [2nd] ed. 1999

Suzzallo/Allen, Odegaard, Bothell/CCC Stacks DT72.B4 A28 1986 CHECK SHELF

1990 "The Romance of Resistance: Tracing Transformations of Power through Bedouin Women," American Ethnologist 17, 41-55.

1993 Writing Women's Worlds : Bedouin Stories. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Behar, Ruth, and Deborah A. Gordon, eds.
1995 Women writing culture. Berkeley: University of California Press

Bell, Diane, Pat Caplan and Wazir Karim, ed.
1993 Gendered Fields: Women, Men and Ethnography. London: Routledge.

diLeonardo, Micaela
1991 Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lewin, Ellen, and William L. Leap
2002 Out in Theory : The Emergence of Lesbian and Gay Anthropology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Additional Sources - Theory:

Abu-Lughod, Lila, ed.
1998 Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bell, Diane
1983 Daughters of the Dreaming. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Clark, Gracia, ed.
2003 Gender at Work in Economic Life. Society for Economic Anthropology (SEA) monographs v. 20. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press,

Cromwell, Jason Andre
1996 Making the Visible Invisible: Constructions of Bodies, Genders, and Sexualtities by and about Female-to-Male Transgendered People. Ph. D Thesis, University of Washington.

Description x, 329 p. ; 24 cm

Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index

Contents Studying sexual subcultures: excavating the ethnography of gay communities in urban North America / Gayle Rubin -- Reading sexualities across cultures: anthropology and theories of sexuality / Evelyn Blackwood -- "These natives can speak for themselves": the development of gay and lesbian community studies in anthropology / Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy -- Another unhappy marriage? Feminist anthropology and lesbian/gay studies / Ellen Lewin -- Studying lesbian and gay languages: vocabulary, text-making, and beyond / William L. Leap -- The iceman cometh: queering the archaeological past / Robert A. Schmidt -- Bareback sex, risk, and eroticism: anthropological themes (re-)surfacing in the post-AIDS era / Benjamin Junge -- We're "not about gender": the uses of "transgender" / David Valentine -- A queer itinerary: deviant excursions into modernities / Martin F. Manalansan IV -- Do we all "reek of the commodity"? Consumption and the erasure of poverty in lesbian and gay studies / Jeff Maskovsky -- Anthropology's queer future: feminist lessons from tahiti and her islands / Deborah Elliston

LC SUBJECTS Lesbians -- Identity Gays -- Identity Lesbians -- Social life and customs Gays -- Social life and customs Homosexuality Gay and lesbian studies

Bothell/CCC Stacks HQ75.5 .O936 2002 AVAILABLE

Suzzallo/Allen Stacks HQ75.5 .O936 2002 AVAILABLE

Ortner, Sherry B.
1996 Making Gender : The Politics and Erotics of Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.

Description x, 262 p. ; 24 cm

Bibliography Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-254) and index

LC SUBJECTS Sex role Sex symbolism Sex role -- Political aspects Feminist anthropology

Odegaard Stacks GN479.65 .O77 1996 AVAILABLE

Suzzallo/Allen Stacks GN479.65 .O77 1996 IN TRANSIT +1 HOLD

Visweswaran, Kamala
1994 Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. Univ. of Minnesota Press.

Suzzallo/Allen Stacks HQ1726.5 .R45 1998

Suzzallo/Allen Stacks P40 .L284 1990

Warren, Carol A.B., and Jennifer Kay Hackney
2000 Gender issues in ethnography. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Unit 12 Readings:

Nationalism and Imagined Communities

Anderson, Benedict
1983 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Ch. 1

Del Guidice, Luisa, and Gerald Porter, eds.
2001 Imagined States: Nationalism, Utopia, and Longing in Oral Cultures. Logan: Utah State University Press.

Scruggs, T.M.
1999 "Let's Enjoy As Nicaraguans": the Use of Music in the Construction of a Nicaraguan National Consciousness. Ethnomusicology 43(2): 297-321.

Turino, Thomas
2000 Nationalists, Cosmopolitans and Popular Music in Zimbabwe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Transnationalism and Globalization

Appadurai, Arjun
1990 "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy." Public Culture 2(2):124.

Hannerz, Ulf
1996 Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. London: Routledge

Smith, Michael Peter
2001 Transnational Urbanism: Locating Globalization. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers

Tomlinson, John
1999 Globalization and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Bohlman, Philip V.
"Diaspora." New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

Erlmann, Veit
1999 Music Modernity and the Global Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press

Malm, Krister
"Music on the Move: Traditions and Mass Media." EM 37/3: 339-352.

1: Pre-20th century

2: 20th century

Anthropological Theory - General History and Criticism

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