Neuroscience for Kids

Reflexes

Pupil to Pupil
For grades 3-12

Methods
Dim the lights in a room. After a few minutes, look at the eyes of another person and note the size of the pupil (the black center spot in the middle of the eye). Turn the room lights back on. Check the size of the pupils again. The pupils should now be smaller. This is the pupillary response: it "automatically" keeps out excessive light that may damage the eye.

Materials

Just a room you can make dim

Jump to It!
For grades K-12

Methods
Here's a quick demonstration of reflexes. Talk to a group of people about how the brain and the rest of the nervous system controls movement. Then, suddenly slam a book on a table to create a loud noise. Ask the class and count the number of students who:

Twitched
Moved their heads
Blinked their eyes
Put their hands up
Screamed
Reflexes are used to protect the body automatically. They get us away from objects that might hurt us, before they hurt us. For example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, you immediately remove your hand BEFORE the message, "Hey, my hand is on a hot, burning stove," gets to your brain.

Materials

A large book or other heavy object to make a noise

Knee Jerk Reflex (Patellar Reflex)
For grades 6-12

Methods
The knee jerk reflex is one that you may have had tested at a check up at the doctor's office. In this test, the doctor hits your knee at a spot just below your knee cap and your leg kicks out. Try it! Have a partner sit with his or her legs crossed so that his leg can swing freely. Hit his leg just below the knee with the side of your hand. DO NOT USE A HAMMER!!!! The leg will kick out immediately (if you hit the right place).
The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the right) is called a monosynaptic reflex because there is only one synapse in the circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes about 50 milliseconds between the tap and the start of the leg kick. That is fast! The tap below the knee causes the thigh muscle to stretch. Information is then sent to the spinal cord. After one synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is sent back out to the thigh muscle that then contracts.

Materials
NONE

Think Fast!
For grades 3-9

Methods
Our built-in reflexes really do protect us. Another demonstration of these built-in capabilities is the blink reflex. Have a student stand behind a see-through barrier like a window or a wire screen. Throw a cotton ball at the person. Did he blink? Probably. This is the blink reflex and serves to protect our eyes from damage.

Materials

Cotton balls (or rolled-up paper towels)
A transparent barrier (a wire screen, plastic or glass window)

Did you know?
People typically blink about 15 times per minute. If you are awake for 16 hours each day, then you blink approximately 14,400 each day! (Source: Schiffman, H.R., Sensation and Perception. An Integrated Approach, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001)

How Fast are You?
For grades K-12

Methods
Unlike the other activities on this reflex page, this project does not test a simple reflex. Rather, this activity is designed to measure your response time to something that you see.
Get a ruler (or a yardstick or candy bar). Hold the ruler near the end (highest number) and let it hang down. Have another person put his or her hand at the bottom of the ruler and have them ready to grab the ruler (however, they should not be touching the ruler). Tell the other person that you will drop the ruler sometime within the next 5 seconds and that they are supposed to catch the ruler as fast as they can after it is dropped. Record the level (inches or centimeters) at which they catch the ruler (you can convert the distance into reaction time with the chart below). Test the same person 3 to 5 times (vary the time of dropping the ruler within the 5 second "drop-zone" so the other person cannot guess when you will drop the ruler).
Here is a table to convert the distance on the ruler to reaction time. For example, if you caught the ruler at the 8 inch mark, then your reaction time is equal to 0.20 seconds (200 ms). Remember that there are 1,000 milliseconds (ms) in 1 second.

Distance Time

2 in (~5 cm) 0.10 sec (100 ms)

4 in (~10 cm) 0.14 sec (140 ms)

6 in (~15 cm) 0.17 sec (170 ms)

8 in (~20 cm) 0.20 sec (200 ms)

10 in (~25.5 cm) 0.23 sec (230 ms)

12 in (~30.5 cm) 0.25 sec (250 ms)

17 in (~43 cm) 0.30 sec (300 ms)

24 in (~61 cm) 0.35 sec (350 ms)

31 in (~79 cm) 0.40 sec (400 ms)

39 in (~99 cm) 0.45 sec (450 ms)

48 in (~123 cm) 0.50 sec (500 ms)

69 in (~175 cm) 0.60 sec (600 ms)

If you want to be more precise with your calculations, use the following calculator (cm only) or formula:

Formula 1
Formula 2

Formula 1 provides you with the distance an object will fall in a given amount of time. By rearranging Formula 1 into Formula 2, you can get the amount of time it takes an object to fall a certain distance...that's what you want to find out. All you have to do is plug in the distance (in either centimeters or inches) that the ruler fell into Formula 2 - this will give you the reaction time.
In the formulas, t = time (in seconds); y = distance (in cm); g = 980 cm/sec² (acceleration due to gravity). [Note: you can also use inches in your distance measurement, but you must change g to equal 385.8 in/sec².]
This reaction time experiment required visual information (the movement of the ruler) to travel to your brain. Then your brain sent a motor command ("grab that falling ruler") to the muscles of your arm and hand. If all went well, you caught the ruler!!

Questions and Comparisons

Try the experiment in dim light. Does your reaction time increase, decrease or stay the same? Can you explain your results?
Test the whole class. Who is fastest?
Compare boys vs. girls. On average, are the boys or girls faster?
Compare different ages. Who is fastest?...the older students or younger students?
Compare the scores after practice. Does reaction time improve with practice?
Compare kids' scores vs. parents' scores. Who is faster?
Test the whole school!!
Test the whole city!!................you get the idea.

Materials

Ruler or yardstick or long candy bar (give the candy bar to the person with the fastest reaction time)
Carolina Biological Supply Company also sells a Reaction Time Ruler Set that includes three rulers with msec gradations, one instruction book and recording sheets. Cost = $22.50/set.

More Reaction Time Experiments

On-line Reaction Time Experiment 1
On-line Reaction Time Experiment 2
On-line Reaction Time Experiment 3
On-line Reaction Time Experiment 4
Red Light - Green Light Reaction Time Experiment 5

GO TO: Hearing Smell Taste Touch Vision Working Together

BACK TO: The Senses Experiments and Activities Table of Contents

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